1. Opening phase (mandible is depressed)
2. Closing Phase (mandible is elevated)
3. Occlusal / Intercuspal phase

Opening phase:

• Slow opening
• Rapid opening

 Closing Phase:

• On working side – moves back almost horizontally
• On balancing side – moves upwards & backwards in reverse direction

There are over 600 minor salivary glands in the Oral Cavity. They are of 2 Types:

• Mucous Producing Minor Salivary Glands
• Serous Fluid Producing Minor Salivary Glands

Mucous Producing Minor Salivary Glands:

• These type of Minor Salivary glands are located within the Submucosa of the Oral Mucosa seen spread all around the Oral cavity.
• They are 1-2mm in diameter
• These are not encapsulated by connective tissue but are only surrounded by it
• These gland’s can be described as a number of acini connected in a tiny lobule
• A minor salivary gland may have a common excretory duct with another gland, or may have its own excretory duct

Serous Fluid Producing Minor Salivary Glands:

• There are also called as Von Ebner Glands.
• Von Ebner’s glands are glands found in circumvallate and foliate papillae of the tongue.
• Which secrete a serous fluid that begin lipid hydrolysis.
• They facilitate the perception of taste.
• These glands empty their serous secretion into the base of the moats located around the foliate and circumvallate papillae.
• This secretion presumably flushes material from the base of the papillae to enable the taste buds to respond rapidly to changing stimuli.

Location Of Minor Salivary Glands:

These are located mainly within the Submucosa of the Oral Mucosa seen spread all around the Oral cavity.

Function:

1. Von Ebner glands secrete lingual lipase, beginning the process of lipid hydrolysis in the mouth
2. Serous Secretion presumably flushes material from the base of the papillae to enable the taste buds to respond rapidly to changing stimuli.
3. Mucous Secretions are usually similar in function to the Whole Saliva.

Canine Measurements:

• Length of Tooth: 17mm
• Length of Crown: 10 mm
• Mesiodistal diameter of Crown: 7.5mm
• Mesiodistal diameter of crown at the cervical region: 5.5mm

Mandibular Canine

These measurements should be followed and the procedure seen in the video below should be very helpful to do the carving easily which gives you a very detailed description of the carving.

Learn Canine carving:

Gingiva shows stiplling, which is its typical appearance and is known as stippled gingiva as seen in the above picture.

The gingiva is a type of Masticatory mucosa.

Gingiva is the soft tissue around the teeth which is continous with the Mucosa of the Oral cavity, this junction is called the mucogingival junction.

It is Differentiated by the line seen in the image which demarcates it due the dark color of the mucosa (due to high vasculature) and the light color of the gingiva (due to presence of more fibers) comparitively.

Gingival Sulcus: It extends from the gingival marging apically to the cemento-enamel junction, which acts as aseal against the tooth and acts as a barrier against the sub-gingival plaque, bacteria and prevents fluid loss from underlying tissue.

Types:

The Gingiva is divided into:

• Attached Gingiva: The thick pink tissue that hugs the bone and is tightly attached to the underlying Bone and mucosa.
• Free Gingiva: The soft thin movable tissue that makes u the inside of the lips and cheeks.

Based on epithelium:

Oral Epithelium: It is a stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium, that lines the vestibular and oral surfaces of the gingiva it extends from the mucogingival junction to the gingival epithelium except for the palatal epithelium where it blends with the palatal epithelium.

Sulcular Epithelium: This is the epithelium which covers the gingiva present in the sulcus depths.

Junctional Epithelium: The portion of the gingival tissue that is attached the gingival connective tissue on one side and the tooth surface on the other. And its coronal end lines the end of gingival sulcus.

Histology: The gingiva is covered with Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium the outer most layer of gingiva. This epithelial layer shows projections into the underlying Connective tissue which are known as “Rete Pegs”.

The outer layers of the epithelium are keratinized and are stratified so the size of the cells increases as we go into the gingiva.

The epithelium has 4 layers:

SC: Stratum Corneum-The cells are flattened, outermost layer.

SG: Stratum Granulosum-The cells contain granules and are relatively bigger in size

SS: Stratum Spinosum-The cells are spinous in appearance.

SB: Stratum Basale-The cells are rounded and these are the proliferative cells which give rise to new cells.

There is the connective tissue underneath the Epithelium which contains fibers, Blood vessels etc.

Cells: The different types of cells which are present in the Gingiva apart from the normal epithelial cells are

Melanocytes: They are the cells which give the darkish color of gingiva in some individuals which are dark skinned.

Langerhan Cell: These are the modified macrophages which help in producing antigens.

Merkel cell: these are present in the deep layers and act as tactile proprioceptive cells.

Fibers: The fibers are mainly

Collagen Fibers:

• Type VII collagen fibers are predominant which are present in intimate contact with basal lamina.
• Type IV collagen fibers present in basal linings of epithelial walls and blood vessels.

Elastin Fibers: Rare in lamina propria and common in lining mucosa, the elastic fibers are made up of

• Elastin: provide elastic nature
• Fibrillin:

Oxytalin Fibers: These resemble immature elastic fibers.

Gingival Diseases:

The gingival deiseases are mainly the inflamation of Gingiva which is known as Gingivitis, which is of 2 types

• ACUTE: It can be due to acute infections or due to poor oral hygiene and accumulation of plaque and calculus.
• CHRONIC: It is mainly caused due to Hormaonal imbalance, Poor Oral hygiene, Vitamin deficiency.

2) (good one) Dentist: a prestidigitator who, putting metal into your mouth, pulls coin out of your pocket. 

3) Even pearls are dark before the whiteness of his teeth.

4) I find that most men would rather have their bellies opened for five hundred dollars than have a tooth pulled for five.

5) I had very good dentures once.  Some magnificent gold work.  It’s the only form of jewelry a man can wear that women fully appreciate.

6) I’m always amazed to hear of air crash victims so badly mutilated that they have to be identified by their dental records.  What I can’t understand is, if they don’t know who you are, how do they know who your dentist is?

7) If suffering brought wisdom, the dentist’s office would be full of luminous ideas.

8 ) Some tortures are physical
And some are mental,
But the one that is both
Is dental.

9) Teeth placed before the tongue will give good advice.

10) When a thief kisses you, count your teeth.

11) Adam ate the apple and our teeth still ache.

12) When fortune turns against you even jelly can break your teeth.

13) You cant chew with somebody else’s teeth.

14) I am as old as my tongue and a little older than my teeth.

15) A loose tooth will not rest until its pulled out.

16) Listen to the wisdom of the toothless ones.

17) The tongue goes to where the tooth aches.

18) The unfortunate would be bitten by toothless dogs.

19)Music helps not the toothache.

20) Don’t use your teeth when you can untie the knot with your fingers.

21) We have never seen the earth show her teeth.

22) Almond nuts come to those who have no teeth.

23) The teeth are smiling, but is the heart?

24) If you are not going to bite, don’t show your teeth.

25) If you can’t bite, don’t show your teeth.

26) If fortune turns against you, even jelly breaks your tooth.

27) The teeth often bite the tongue but the two stay together all the time.

28) A women would rather swallow her teeth rather than her tongue.

29) Teeth placed before tongue would give sound advice.

30) Toothache dose not stop even if you think that someone has cancer.