2) (good one) Dentist: a prestidigitator who, putting metal into your mouth, pulls coin out of your pocket. 

3) Even pearls are dark before the whiteness of his teeth.

4) I find that most men would rather have their bellies opened for five hundred dollars than have a tooth pulled for five.

5) I had very good dentures once.  Some magnificent gold work.  It’s the only form of jewelry a man can wear that women fully appreciate.

6) I’m always amazed to hear of air crash victims so badly mutilated that they have to be identified by their dental records.  What I can’t understand is, if they don’t know who you are, how do they know who your dentist is?

7) If suffering brought wisdom, the dentist’s office would be full of luminous ideas.

8 ) Some tortures are physical
And some are mental,
But the one that is both
Is dental.

9) Teeth placed before the tongue will give good advice.

10) When a thief kisses you, count your teeth.

11) Adam ate the apple and our teeth still ache.

12) When fortune turns against you even jelly can break your teeth.

13) You cant chew with somebody else’s teeth.

14) I am as old as my tongue and a little older than my teeth.

15) A loose tooth will not rest until its pulled out.

16) Listen to the wisdom of the toothless ones.

17) The tongue goes to where the tooth aches.

18) The unfortunate would be bitten by toothless dogs.

19)Music helps not the toothache.

20) Don’t use your teeth when you can untie the knot with your fingers.

21) We have never seen the earth show her teeth.

22) Almond nuts come to those who have no teeth.

23) The teeth are smiling, but is the heart?

24) If you are not going to bite, don’t show your teeth.

25) If you can’t bite, don’t show your teeth.

26) If fortune turns against you, even jelly breaks your tooth.

27) The teeth often bite the tongue but the two stay together all the time.

28) A women would rather swallow her teeth rather than her tongue.

29) Teeth placed before tongue would give sound advice.

30) Toothache dose not stop even if you think that someone has cancer.

Hypoxia is classified4 types on how it develops into a pathological condition:

• Hypoxic hypoxia: It is the condition where there is poor availability of Oxygen to the pulmonary tissues.
• Anemic Hypoxia: It is the condition of Hypoxia based on the Quantitative availability of Haemoglobin and the Quality of the Haemoglobin available.
• Stagnant Hypoxia: This condition is due to the decrease in the velocity of the blood which results in decrease in the amount of Oxygen supplied to the tissues.
• Histotoxic hypoxia: It is due to lack of ability of the peripheral tissues take up the Oxygen from the capillaries supplying to these tissues.

Now as we got a brief review on what hypoxia really is and how it is divided now let us  go deep into its description:

Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body which is sufficient to cause an impairment of function. Hypoxia is caused by the reduction in partial pressure of oxygen, inadequate oxygen transport, or the inability of the tissues to use oxygen.

Hypoxic hypoxia: is a reduction in the amount of oxygen passing into the blood. It is caused by a reduction in oxygen pressure in the lungs, by a reduced gas exchange area, exposure to high altitude, or by lung disease.

Causes:

• Low tension of Oxygen in the inspired air(this condition is seen in peolpe living in high altitudes)
• Pulmonary diseases

Under Hypoxic hypoxia we can see individual organ hypoxia and High altitude sickness.

In individual organ sickness it may be due to

• Spasm of the local artery leading to the necrosis of the tissue it supplies
• Venous Obstruction also causes local hypoxia.

In high altitude sickness.

We know that the normal Barometric pressure at sea level is 760mm Hg, in which Oxygen is 20% and nitrogen 80%, thus the partial pressure of oxygen comes to 152mm Hg which is at normal round level.

So when a normal Low lander gos to high altitudes(assume on Mt Everest) where the partial pressure of Oxygen becomes 40mm Hg and partial pressure of blood becomes 200mm Hg there is “Foaming of blood” This condition was known as “Boiling of blood” by older scientists.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Dizziness and light headedness.
• Loss of appetite nausea vomiting
• Fatigue or weakness
• Insomnia
• Pins and needles
• Shortness of breath upon exertion
• Persistent rapid pulse
• Drowsiness
• General malaise
• Peripheral edema (swelling of hands, feet, and face).

Tips that might help

• Avoiding alcohol ingestion
• Avoiding strenous activity
• Give time to yor body to Acclimatize
• Have sufficient supply of Oxygen
• Have Drugs which help in acclimatization.

Anemic Hypoxia:

Anemic Hypoxia or Hypemic Hypoxia is defined as a reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. It is caused by a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood or a reduced number of red blood cells. A reduction in the oxygen transport capacity of the blood occurs through blood donation, hemorrhage, or anemia. A reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood occurs through drugs, chemicals, or carbon monoxide. [This hypoxia is usually experienced by smokers.]

It can be due to 2 main causes:

• Low concentrations of Hb in Blood
• Carbon monoxide poisoning where the concentration of Hb in blood is normal but it is not available for binding with Oxygen.

Stagnant Hypoxia:

Stagnant hypoxia is defined as a condition of oxygen deficiency due to poor circulation of the blood or poor blood flow and decrease in velocity of blood flow. Examples of this condition are high “G” forces, prolonged sitting in one position or hanging in a harness, cold temperatures. [This hypoxia usually experienced when sitting for hours in a boring class.]

Seen in Left ventricular failure, Cardiogenic shock, sometimes seen in snake bite where tight ligature is applied which causes decrease in the blood flow, this may lead to gangrene.

Histotoxic hypoxia:

Histotoxic Hypoxia is defined as the inability of the tissues to use oxygen. Examples are carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning. Certain narcotics, chewing tobacco, and alcohol will prevent oxygen use by the tissues. [This hypoxia usually experienced after drinking too much.]

This is seen as the cytochrome oxidase system is inhibited which plays a key role in oxidation of tissues.

Here the inhibition of this system leads to stoppage of oxidation of tissues and then Oxygen from the capillaries is not extracted anymore and the partial pressure of venous blood remains high.

Deglutition is divided into 3 stages:

1. Oral stage
2. Pharyngeal stage
3. Esophageal stage.

The stages are divided into Voluntary and Involuntary stages

Voluntary:

• Oral stage

Involuntary:

• Pharyngeal stage
• Esophageal stage

Oral Stage:

This stage is after mastication of the food is completed, te masticated food is known as Bolus, this bolus is placed on the posterior surface of the tongue by suitable movements of the tongue, Then the soft palate raises and seals of the nasopharynx, to prevent the food from entering into the nasal cavity, now the respirtion reflex is stopped, then the anterior part of the tongue is raised which causes the bolus in the posterior part of the tongue to move into the pharyngeal part.

Pharyngeal Stage:

The main Aim of this stage is to prevent the food from entering the respiratory tract insted of esophagus.

Events which take place in this stage are:

Immediately after the oral stage the tongue movement causes the bolus to be pushed against the epiglottis, which closes the respiratory tract, this laryngeal opening is closed by the closure of vocal cords, The =n the upper esophageal sphicter relaxes and the blous enters the esophagus.

Esohageal stage:

This stage works mainly in the opening and closing of the sphincters, now at the end of the second stage the bolus enters into the esophagus as the upper sphincter opens, after the bolus enters the sphincter closes and now a wave of peristalsis is sen initiated in the region of the upper sphincter propelling the bolus downwards which is know as ‘arboral direction’ and this movement is further helped by gravitational force. Now when the bolus has reached the lower end of the esophagus the LES relaxes and then the food enters into the stomach.

Filed under are some guidelines

which followed thoroughly will lead to a Good impression.

1. Uniform, homogeneous mix of Impression material

2. Tray is sufficiently filled with impression material

3. Thoroughly applied tray adhesive(to ensure impression material in the tray)

4. Rigid, sturdy impression tray(for applying pressure)

5. No voids or pulls on margin detail

6. Detailed margins with no tears or rough surfaces

7. Tray should not be seen through of the impression material

8. Good blend between heavy body and light body materials

9. Strong bond between impression material and tray

10. No tooth contact with the tray.

By following these guidelines one can get an Ideal Impression.

In the given Picture the impression is taken of a partially edentulous patient with the Anteriors missing.

The pain or the stinging sensation seen on the teeth is due to the dentin which makes up the bulk of the tooth, and is a living tissue, it contains Odontoblastic processes which arise from the Pulp and are considered to be the main transporter of pain.

Some of the most accepted theories are:

1) Direct Neural stimulation theory

2) Transduction theory

3) Hydrodynamic theory

Now let us get to know about each of these theories briefly.

1) Direct neural stimulation theory: According to this theory the stimuli reaches the nerve endings in the inner dentin. But how it reaches the nerve endings could not be explained. Due to little scientific proof it is not accepted now.

2) Transduction theory: According to this theory, the Odontoblastic processes are excited by the stimulus and transmit the impulses to the nerve endings. This theory is also of little importance as it has been noticed that there are no neurotransmitters in the dentin.

3) Hydrodynamic theory: This theory is also known as ‘Fluid theory’, According to this theory the harmful stimuli such as heat, cold, air blast, mechanical pressure. . etc cause some changes in the fluid movement in the dentinal tubules either inwards or outwards which causes some mechanical disturbances due to mechanoreceptors present at the nerve endings, which stimulates the pain mechanism.